unordered_map cend in C++ STL

The unordered_map::cend() is a built-in function in C++ STL which returns an iterator pointing to the position past the end element in the container or in one of its bucket. In an unordered_map object, there is no guarantee that which specific element is considered its first element. But all the elements in the container are covered since the range goes from its begin to its end until invalidated.

There are two variant of this function.
Syntax-1:

unordered_map.cend()

Parameters: This function does not accept any parameter.
Return type: The function returns an iterator to the element past the end of the container.

// CPP program to illustrate
// unordered_map cend()
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    unordered_map<int, int> ump;

    // inserting data into unordered_map
    ump[1] = 2;
    ump[3] = 4;
    ump[5] = 6;

    // here 'it' can not be modified
    for (auto it = ump.cbegin(); it != ump.cend(); ++it)
        cout << it->first << " " << it->second << endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:

5 6
1 2
3 4

Syntax-2:

unordered_map.cend ( size n )

Parameters: This function accepts parameter size n which should be lower than bucket count.
Return type: The function returns an iterator to the one of its bucket count.

// CPP program to illustrate
// unordered_map cend()
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    unordered_map<int, int> ump;

    // inserting data into unordered_map
    ump[1] = 2;
    ump[3] = 4;
    ump[5] = 6;

    cout << "unordered_map bucket contains \n";
    for (int i = 0; i < ump.bucket_count(); i++) {
        cout << "Bucket " << i << " contains ";
        for (auto it = ump.cbegin(i); it != ump.cend(i); ++it)
            cout << it->first << " " << it->second;
        cout << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

Output:

unordered_map bucket contains 
Bucket 0 contains 
Bucket 1 contains 1 2
Bucket 2 contains 
Bucket 3 contains 3 4
Bucket 4 contains 
Bucket 5 contains 5 6
Bucket 6 contains

How is cend() different from end()?
cend() is const version of end(). Similarly cbegin() is a const version of begin(). For example, the following code shows compiler error because we try to modify value in iterator.

// CPP program to illustrate
// unordered_map cend()
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    unordered_map<int, int> ump;

    // inserting data into unordered_map
    ump[1] = 2;
    ump[3] = 4;
    ump[5] = 6;

    // here 'it' can not be modified
    for (auto it = ump.cbegin(); it != ump.cend(); ++it)
        it->second = 10;  // COMPILER ERROR
    return 0;
}

Output :

Compilation Error in CPP code :- prog.cpp: In function 'int main()':
prog.cpp:19:20: error: assignment of member 'std::pair::second' in read-only object
         it->second = 10;  // COMPILER ERROR