TypeScript Arrays

An array is a user-defined data type. An array is a homogeneous collection of similar types of elements that have a contiguous memory location and which can store multiple values of different data types.
An array is a type of data structure that stores the elements of similar data type and consider it as an object too. We can store only a fixed set of elements and can’t expand its size, once its size is declared.
The array follows Index based storage i.e)the first element of an array is stored at index 0 or at index ‘i’ and the remaining elements are stored at the location ‘i+1’.
Features of an Array

• Same data type of elements is stored in an array.

• Array elements are always stored in contiguous memory locations.

• Storage of 2-D array elements are rowed by row in a contiguous memory location.

• The Starting element of address is represented by the array name.

• The size of an array should be declared at the time of initialization.

• The remaining elements of an array can be retrieved by using the starting index of an Array.

Typescript supports array just like that in JavaScript. There are two ways to declare an array in typescript:
1. Using square brackets.

let array_name[:datatype] = [val1, val2, valn..]  

Example: 

javascript

let fruits: string[] = ['Apple', 'Orange', 'Banana'];

2. Using a generic array type.
TypeScript array can contain elements of different data types, as shown below. 

let array_name: Array = [val1, val2, valn..]  

Example: Multi Type Array

javascript

var values: (string | number)[] = ['Apple', 2, 'Orange', 3, 4, 'Banana'];
// or
var values: Array = ['Apple', 2, 'Orange', 3, 4, 'Banana'];

Example: Access Array Elements

• Array elements access on the basis of index i.e.)ArrayName[index].

javascript

let fruits: string[] = ['Apple', 'Orange', 'Banana'];
fruits[0]; // returns Apple
fruits[1]; // returns Orange
fruits[2]; // returns Banana
fruits[3]; // returns undefined

• We can access the array elements by using the ‘FOR’ loop:

javascript

let fruits: string[] = ['Apple', 'Orange', 'Banana'];

for(var index in fruits)
{
    console.log(fruits[index]);  // output: Apple Orange Banana
}

for(var i = 0; i < fruits.length; i++)
{
    console.log(fruits[i]); // output: Apple Orange Banana
}

Advantages
Code Optimization: We can retrieve or sort the array data more efficiently. 
Random access: We can randomly access the array data using the location pointer.
Disadvantages
Size Limit: The size of an Array is fixed i.e.)static. We cannot increase the array size once it has been declared.

There are two types of an array: 
1.Single-Dimensional Array 
2.Multi-Dimensional Array 

Single-Dimensional Array
It is the simplest form of an array that contains only one row for storing data. It contains single set of the square bracket (“[]”). 
Syntax:

let array_name[:datatype]; 

Initialization:

array_name = [val1, val2, valn..]

Example:

javascript

let arr:number[];
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
console.log("Array[0]: " +arr[0]);
console.log("Array[1]: " +arr[1]);

Output:

Array[0]: 1
Array[1]: 2

Multi-Dimensional Array
The data is stored in rows and columns (also known as matrix form) in a Multi-dimensional array.
TypeScript Arrays 
Syntax:

let arr_name:datatype[][] = [ [a1, a2, a3], [b1, b2, b3] ];  

Initialization:

let arr_name:datatype[initial_array_index][referenced_array_index] = [ [val1, val2, val 3], [v1, v2, v3]];  

Example:

javascript

var mArray:number[][] = [[10, 20, 30], [50, 60, 70]] ;
console.log(mArray[0][0]);
console.log(mArray[0][1]);
console.log(mArray[0][2]);
console.log();
console.log(mArray[1][0]);
console.log(mArray[1][1]);
console.log(mArray[1][2]);

OUTPUT: 

10
20
30

50
60
70

Array Object
We can create an Array by using or initializing the Array Object. The Array constructor is used to pass the following arguments to create an Array: 

• With the numeric value which represents the size of an array.

• A list of comma separated values.

Syntax:

1.let arr_name:datatype[] = new Array(values);  

Example:

javascript

// Initializing an Array by using the Array object.
let arr:string[] = new Array("GEEKSFORGEEKS", "2200", "Java", "Abhishek");
for(var i = 0;i<arr.length;i++) {
   console.log(arr[i]);

Output:

GEEKSFORGEEKS
2200
Java
Abhishek

Passing an Array to a Function 
We can pass an Array to a function by specifying the Array name without an index. 
Example: 

javascript

let arr:string[] = new Array("GEEKSFORGEEKS", "2300", "Java", "Abhishek");
// Passing an Array in a function
function display(arr_values:string[]) {
   for(let i = 0;i<arr_values.length;i++) {
      console.log(arr[i]);
   }
}
// Calling an Array in a function
display(arr);

Output 

GEEKSFORGEEKS
2300
Java
Abhishek 

Using TypeScript ‘Spread’ operator 
The spread operator can be used to initialize arrays and objects from another array or object. It can also be used for object destructuring. It is a part of ECMAScript 6 version.

javascript

let arr1 = [ 1, 2, 3];
let arr2 = [ 4, 5, 6];
//Create new array from existing array
let copyArray = [...arr1];
console.log("CopiedArray: " +copyArray);
//Create new array from existing array with more elements
let newArray = [...arr1, 7, 8];
console.log("NewArray: " +newArray);
//Create array by merging two arrays
let mergedArray = [...arr1, ...arr2];
console.log("MergedArray: " +mergedArray);

Output:

CopiedArray: 1, 2, 3
NewArray: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8
MergedArray: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6