list back() function in C++ STL

The list::back() function in C++ STL returns a direct reference to the last element in the list container. This function is different from the list::end() function as the end() function returns only the iterator to the last element. Syntax: 

list_name.back() 

Parameters: This function does not accepts any parameter. Return Value: This function returns a direct reference to the last element in the list container demo_list. Exception: There is as no such exception in this function but calling this function on an empty list container creates an undefined behavior in C++. Below program illustrates the list::back() function. 

CPP

// CPP program to illustrate the
// list::assign() function
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // Initialization of list
    list<int> demo_list;

    // Adding elements to the list
    demo_list.push_back(10);
    demo_list.push_back(20);
    demo_list.push_back(30);

    // prints the last element of demo_list
    cout << demo_list.back();

    return 0;
}

Output:

30

Time Complexity: O(1)

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

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