Implementation of Queue in Javascript

In This article, we would be implementing Queue data structure in javascript. A Queue works on the FIFO(First in First Out) principle. Hence, it performs two basic operations which are the addition of elements at the end of the queue and the removal of elements from the front of the queue. Like Stack, Queue is also a linear data structure. 

Note: Assuming a queue can grow dynamically we are not considering the overflow condition Now let’s see an example of a queue class using an array:- 

To implement a queue data structure we need the following methods:

• enqueue : To add elements at end of the queue.
• dequeue: To remove an element from the front of the queue.
• peek: To get the front element without removing it.
• isEmpty: To check whether an element is present in the queue or not.
• printQueue: To print the elements present in queue.

First, we will be implementing the data structure by creating a queue object and defining the methods for it. We will use additional variables and time complexity will be O(1) which will make the execution of functions faster irrespective of the size of the queue. The additional variables keep track of the index of the first and last element so we do not have to iterate the queue at each insertion and deletion.

Implementation:

Javascript

<script>
    class Queue {
        constructor() {
            this.items = {}
            this.frontIndex = 0
            this.backIndex = 0
        }
        enqueue(item) {
            this.items[this.backIndex] = item
            this.backIndex++
            return item + ' inserted'
        }
        dequeue() {
            const item = this.items[this.frontIndex]
            delete this.items[this.frontIndex]
            this.frontIndex++
            return item
        }
        peek() {
            return this.items[this.frontIndex]
        }
        get printQueue() {
            return this.items;
        }
    }
    const queue = new Queue()
    console.log(queue.enqueue(7))
    console.log(queue.enqueue(2))
    console.log(queue.enqueue(6))
    console.log(queue.enqueue(4))
    console.log(queue.dequeue())
    console.log(queue.peek())
    var str = queue.printQueue;
    console.log(str)
</script>

Output:

Explanation: The insertion and deletion of items are performed in O(1) because of variables frontIndex and backIndex.

Time complexity:

• Enqueuing an element: O(1)
• Dequeuing an element: O(n) (as all the remaining elements need to be shifted one position to the left)
• Accessing the front of the queue: O(1)

Space complexity: 

O(n), where n is the number of elements in the queue.

We can also create a queue using array and use the inbuilt array methods to implement the queue functions. The only drawback of inbuilt array methods is that they perform operations in O(n) time complexity.

Example:

Javascript

// Queue class
class Queue{
    // Array is used to implement a Queue
    constructor() {
        this.items = [];
    }

    // Functions to be implemented
    // enqueue(item)
    // dequeue()
    // peek()
    // isEmpty()
    // printQueue()
}

As in the above definition we have created a skeleton of a queue class which contains a constructor in which we declare an array to implement queue. Hence, with the creation of an object of a queue class this constructor would be called automatically and the array will be declared Let’s implement each of these functions:

Example: JavaScript enqueue() adds an element to the queue 

Javascript

// enqueue function
enqueue(element){
    // adding element to the queue
    this.items.push(element);
}

This function adds an element at the rear of a queue. We have used push() method of array to add an element at the end of the queue.

Example: JavaScript dequeue() removes an element from the queue 

Javascript

// dequeue function
dequeue()
{
    // removing element from the queue
    // returns underflow when called
    // on empty queue
    if(this.isEmpty())
        return "Underflow";
    return this.items.shift();
}

This function removes an element from the front of a queue . We have used shift method of an array to remove an element from the queue.

Example: JavaScript peek() returns the front/top element of the queue 

Javascript

// peek function
peek()
{
    // returns the Front element of
    // the queue without removing it.
    if(this.isEmpty())
        return "No elements in Queue";
    return this.items[0];
}

This function returns the front element of the queue. We simply return the 0th element of an array to get the front of a queue.

In this function we have used the length property of an array and if the array length is 0 then the queue is empty.

Helper Methods

Let’s declare some helper method which is quite useful while working with the queue.

Example: JavaScript isEmpty() returns true if the queue is empty 

Javascript

// isEmpty function
isEmpty() {
    // return true if the queue is empty.
    return this.items.length == 0;
}

Example: JavaScript printQueue() returns all the elements of a queue. 

Javascript

// printQueue function
printQueue()
{
    var str = "";
    for(var i = 0; i < this.items.length; i++)
        str += this.items[i] +" ";
    return str;
}

In this method, we concatenate all the elements of the queue in a string and return the string

Note: Different helper methods can be declared in the Queue class as per the requirement.

Implementation

Now let’s use the queue class and its different method described above 

Javascript

// creating object for queue class
var queue = new Queue();

// Testing dequeue and pop on an empty queue
// returns Underflow
console.log(queue.dequeue());

// returns true
console.log(queue.isEmpty());

// Adding elements to the queue
// queue contains [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
queue.enqueue(10);
queue.enqueue(20);
queue.enqueue(30);
queue.enqueue(40);
queue.enqueue(50);
queue.enqueue(60);

// returns 10
console.log(queue.peek());

// removes 10 from the queue
// queue contains [20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
console.log(queue.dequeue());

// returns 20
console.log(queue.peek());

// removes 20
// queue contains [30, 40, 50, 60]
console.log(queue.dequeue());

// printing the elements of the queue
// prints [30, 40, 50, 60]
console.log(queue.printQueue());

Now once we are done with the implementation of the Queue class we can use it in different applications.

Application: An Interesting Method to Generate Binary Numbers from 1 to n

In this problem, we generate different binary numbers from 1 to n. 

Javascript

// function to generate binary numbers
function generatePrintBinary(n)
{
    // Create an empty queue of strings
    var q = new Queue();

    // Enqueue the first binary number
    q.enqueue("1");

    // This loops is like BFS of a tree with 1 as root
    // 0 as left child and 1 as right child and so on
    while(n-- > 0)
    {
        // print the front of queue
        var s1 = q.front();
        q.dequeue();
        console.log(s1);

        // Store s1 before changing it
        var s2 = s1;

        // Append "0" to s1 and enqueue it
        q.enqueue(s1 + "0");

        // Append "1" to s2 and enqueue it. Note that s2 contains
        // the previous front
        q.enqueue(s2 + "1");
    }
}

// calling the above function
// prints [1 10 11 100 101]
generatePrintBinary(5);