Implementation of Search, Insert and Delete in Treap

Difficulty Level : Hard
Last Updated : 15 Dec, 2022

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We strongly recommend to refer set 1 as a prerequisite of this post.
Treap (A Randomized Binary Search Tree)
In this post, implementations of search, insert and delete are discussed.
Search:
Same as standard BST search. Priority is not considered for search.

CPP

// C function to search a given key in a given BST 
TreapNode* search(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    // Base Cases: root is null or key is present at root 
    if (root == NULL || root->key == key) 
       return root; 
      
    // Key is greater than root's key 
    if (root->key < key) 
       return search(root->right, key); 
   
    // Key is smaller than root's key 
    return search(root->left, key); 
} 

Insert
1) Create new node with key equals to x and value equals to a random value.
2) Perform standard BST insert.
3) A newly inserted node gets a random priority, so Max-Heap property may be violated.. Use rotations to make sure that inserted node’s priority follows max heap property.
During insertion, we recursively traverse all ancestors of the inserted node.
a) If new node is inserted in left subtree and root of left subtree has higher priority, perform right rotation.
b) If new node is inserted in right subtree and root of right subtree has higher priority, perform left rotation.

CPP

/* Recursive implementation of insertion in Treap */
TreapNode* insert(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    // If root is NULL, create a new node and return it 
    if (!root) 
        return newNode(key); 
  
    // If key is smaller than root 
    if (key <= root->key) 
    { 
        // Insert in left subtree 
        root->left = insert(root->left, key); 
  
        // Fix Heap property if it is violated 
        if (root->left->priority > root->priority) 
            root = rightRotate(root); 
    } 
    else  // If key is greater 
    { 
        // Insert in right subtree 
        root->right = insert(root->right, key); 
  
        // Fix Heap property if it is violated 
        if (root->right->priority > root->priority) 
            root = leftRotate(root); 
    } 
    return root; 
}

Delete:
The delete implementation here is slightly different from the steps discussed in previous post.
1) If node is a leaf, delete it.
2) If node has one child NULL and other as non-NULL, replace node with the non-empty child.
3) If node has both children as non-NULL, find max of left and right children.
….a) If priority of right child is greater, perform left rotation at node
….b) If priority of left child is greater, perform right rotation at node.
The idea of step 3 is to move the node to down so that we end up with either case 1 or case 2.

CPP

/* Recursive implementation of Delete() */
TreapNode* deleteNode(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    // Base case 
    if (root == NULL) return root; 
  
    // IF KEYS IS NOT AT ROOT 
    if (key < root->key) 
        root->left = deleteNode(root->left, key); 
    else if (key > root->key) 
        root->right = deleteNode(root->right, key); 
  
    // IF KEY IS AT ROOT 
  
    // If left is NULL 
    else if (root->left == NULL) 
    { 
        TreapNode *temp = root->right; 
        delete(root); 
        root = temp;  // Make right child as root 
    } 
  
    // If Right is NULL 
    else if (root->right == NULL) 
    { 
        TreapNode *temp = root->left; 
        delete(root); 
        root = temp;  // Make left child as root 
    } 
  
    // If key is at root and both left and right are not NULL 
    else if (root->left->priority < root->right->priority) 
    { 
        root = leftRotate(root); 
        root->left = deleteNode(root->left, key); 
    } 
    else
    { 
        root = rightRotate(root); 
        root->right = deleteNode(root->right, key); 
    } 
  
    return root; 
}

A Complete Program to Demonstrate All Operations

CPP

// C++ program to demonstrate search, insert and delete in Treap 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// A Treap Node 
struct TreapNode 
{ 
    int key, priority; 
    TreapNode *left, *right; 
}; 
  
/* T1, T2 and T3 are subtrees of the tree rooted with y 
  (on left side) or x (on right side) 
                y                               x 
               / \     Right Rotation          /  \ 
              x   T3   – – – – – – – >        T1   y 
             / \       < - - - - - - -            / \ 
            T1  T2     Left Rotation            T2  T3 */
  
// A utility function to right rotate subtree rooted with y 
// See the diagram given above. 
TreapNode *rightRotate(TreapNode *y) 
{ 
    TreapNode *x = y->left,  *T2 = x->right; 
  
    // Perform rotation 
    x->right = y; 
    y->left = T2; 
  
    // Return new root 
    return x; 
} 
  
// A utility function to left rotate subtree rooted with x 
// See the diagram given above. 
TreapNode *leftRotate(TreapNode *x) 
{ 
    TreapNode *y = x->right, *T2 = y->left; 
  
    // Perform rotation 
    y->left = x; 
    x->right = T2; 
  
    // Return new root 
    return y; 
} 
  
/* Utility function to add a new key */
TreapNode* newNode(int key) 
{ 
    TreapNode* temp = new TreapNode; 
    temp->key = key; 
    temp->priority = rand()%100; 
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL; 
    return temp; 
} 
  
// C function to search a given key in a given BST 
TreapNode* search(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    // Base Cases: root is null or key is present at root 
    if (root == NULL || root->key == key) 
       return root; 
  
    // Key is greater than root's key 
    if (root->key < key) 
       return search(root->right, key); 
  
    // Key is smaller than root's key 
    return search(root->left, key); 
} 
  
/* Recursive implementation of insertion in Treap */
TreapNode* insert(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    // If root is NULL, create a new node and return it 
    if (!root) 
        return newNode(key); 
  
    // If key is smaller than root 
    if (key <= root->key) 
    { 
        // Insert in left subtree 
        root->left = insert(root->left, key); 
  
        // Fix Heap property if it is violated 
        if (root->left->priority > root->priority) 
            root = rightRotate(root); 
    } 
    else  // If key is greater 
    { 
        // Insert in right subtree 
        root->right = insert(root->right, key); 
  
        // Fix Heap property if it is violated 
        if (root->right->priority > root->priority) 
            root = leftRotate(root); 
    } 
    return root; 
} 
  
/* Recursive implementation of Delete() */
TreapNode* deleteNode(TreapNode* root, int key) 
{ 
    if (root == NULL) 
        return root; 
  
    if (key < root->key) 
        root->left = deleteNode(root->left, key); 
    else if (key > root->key) 
        root->right = deleteNode(root->right, key); 
  
    // IF KEY IS AT ROOT 
  
    // If left is NULL 
    else if (root->left == NULL) 
    { 
        TreapNode *temp = root->right; 
        delete(root); 
        root = temp;  // Make right child as root 
    } 
  
    // If Right is NULL 
    else if (root->right == NULL) 
    { 
        TreapNode *temp = root->left; 
        delete(root); 
        root = temp;  // Make left child as root 
    } 
  
    // If key is at root and both left and right are not NULL 
    else if (root->left->priority < root->right->priority) 
    { 
        root = leftRotate(root); 
        root->left = deleteNode(root->left, key); 
    } 
    else
    { 
        root = rightRotate(root); 
        root->right = deleteNode(root->right, key); 
    } 
  
    return root; 
} 
  
// A utility function to print tree 
void inorder(TreapNode* root) 
{ 
    if (root) 
    { 
        inorder(root->left); 
        cout << "key: "<< root->key << " | priority: %d "
            << root->priority; 
        if (root->left) 
            cout << " | left child: " << root->left->key; 
        if (root->right) 
            cout << " | right child: " << root->right->key; 
        cout << endl; 
        inorder(root->right); 
    } 
} 
  
  
// Driver Program to test above functions 
int main() 
{ 
    srand(time(NULL)); 
  
    struct TreapNode *root = NULL; 
    root = insert(root, 50); 
    root = insert(root, 30); 
    root = insert(root, 20); 
    root = insert(root, 40); 
    root = insert(root, 70); 
    root = insert(root, 60); 
    root = insert(root, 80); 
  
    cout << "Inorder traversal of the given tree \n"; 
    inorder(root); 
  
    cout << "\nDelete 20\n"; 
    root = deleteNode(root, 20); 
    cout << "Inorder traversal of the modified tree \n"; 
    inorder(root); 
  
    cout << "\nDelete 30\n"; 
    root = deleteNode(root, 30); 
    cout << "Inorder traversal of the modified tree \n"; 
    inorder(root); 
  
    cout << "\nDelete 50\n"; 
    root = deleteNode(root, 50); 
    cout << "Inorder traversal of the modified tree \n"; 
    inorder(root); 
  
    TreapNode *res = search(root, 50); 
    (res == NULL)? cout << "\n50 Not Found ": 
                   cout << "\n50 found"; 
  
    return 0; 
} 

Output:

Inorder traversal of the given tree 
key: 20 | priority: %d 92 | right child: 50
key: 30 | priority: %d 48 | right child: 40
key: 40 | priority: %d 21
key: 50 | priority: %d 73 | left child: 30 | right child: 60
key: 60 | priority: %d 55 | right child: 70
key: 70 | priority: %d 50 | right child: 80
key: 80 | priority: %d 44

Delete 20
Inorder traversal of the modified tree 
key: 30 | priority: %d 48 | right child: 40
key: 40 | priority: %d 21
key: 50 | priority: %d 73 | left child: 30 | right child: 60
key: 60 | priority: %d 55 | right child: 70
key: 70 | priority: %d 50 | right child: 80
key: 80 | priority: %d 44

Delete 30
Inorder traversal of the modified tree 
key: 40 | priority: %d 21
key: 50 | priority: %d 73 | left child: 40 | right child: 60
key: 60 | priority: %d 55 | right child: 70
key: 70 | priority: %d 50 | right child: 80
key: 80 | priority: %d 44

Delete 50
Inorder traversal of the modified tree 
key: 40 | priority: %d 21
key: 60 | priority: %d 55 | left child: 40 | right child: 70
key: 70 | priority: %d 50 | right child: 80
key: 80 | priority: %d 44

50 Not Found

Explanation of above output:

Every node is written as key(priority)

The above code constructs below tree
  20(92)
     \
     50(73)
     /     \
  30(48)   60(55) 
     \        \
  40(21)     70(50)
                \
                80(44)   


After deleteNode(20)
     50(73)
     /     \
  30(48)   60(55) 
     \        \
  40(21)     70(50)
                \
                80(44)   
 

After deleteNode(30)
     50(73)
     /     \
  40(21)   60(55) 
             \
             70(50)
               \
               80(44)   
 

After deleteNode(50)
     60(55)
     /     \
  40(21)  70(50)  
             \
            80(44)

Thanks to Jai Goyal for providing initial implementation. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

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