Count digits in a factorial | Set 2

Difficulty Level : Medium
Last Updated : 03 Mar, 2021

Given an integer n (can be very large), find the number of digits that appear in its factorial, where factorial is defined as, factorial(n) = 1*2*3*4……..*n and factorial(0) = 1
Examples:

Input :  n = 1
Output : 1
1! = 1, hence number of digits is 1

Input :  5
Output : 3
5! = 120, i.e., 3 digits

Input : 10
Output : 7
10! = 3628800, i.e., 7 digits

Input : 50000000
Output : 363233781

Input : 1000000000
Output : 8565705523

We’ve already discussed the solution for small values of n in the Count digits in a factorial | Set 1. However that solution would not be able to handle cases where n >10^6
So, can we improve our solution ?
Yes ! we can.
We can use Kamenetsky’s formula to find our answer !

It approximates the number of digits in a factorial by :
f(x) =    log10( ((n/e)^n) * sqrt(2*pi*n))

Thus, we can pretty easily use the property of logarithms to,
f(x) = n* log10(( n/ e)) + log10(2*pi*n)/2

And that’s it !
Our solution can handle very large inputs that can be accommodated in a 32 bit integer,
and even beyond that ! .
Below is the implementation of above idea :

C++

// A optimised program to find the 
// number of digits in a factorial
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Returns the number of digits present 
// in n! Since the result can be large
// long long is used as return type
long long findDigits(int n)
{
    // factorial of -ve number 
    // doesn't exists
    if (n < 0)
        return 0;
 
    // base case
    if (n <= 1)
        return 1;
 
    // Use Kamenetsky formula to calculate
    // the number of digits
    double x = ((n * log10(n / M_E) + 
                 log10(2 * M_PI * n) /
                 2.0));
 
    return floor(x) + 1;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    cout << findDigits(1) << endl;
    cout << findDigits(50000000) << endl;
    cout << findDigits(1000000000) << endl;
    cout << findDigits(120) << endl;
    return 0;
}

Java

// An optimised java program to find the
// number of digits in a factorial
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG {
    public static double M_E = 2.71828182845904523536;
    public static double M_PI = 3.141592654;
 
     // Function returns the number of
     // digits present in n! since the
     // result can be large, long long 
     // is used as return type
    static long findDigits(int n)
    {
        // factorial of -ve number doesn't exists
        if (n < 0)
            return 0;
 
        // base case
        if (n <= 1)
            return 1;
 
        // Use Kamenetsky formula to calculate
        // the number of digits
        double x = (n * Math.log10(n / M_E) +
                    Math.log10(2 * M_PI * n) / 
                    2.0);
 
        return (long)Math.floor(x) + 1;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        System.out.println(findDigits(1));
        System.out.println(findDigits(50000000));
        System.out.println(findDigits(1000000000));
        System.out.println(findDigits(120));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Pramod Kumar.

Python3

# A optimised Python3 program to find 
# the number of digits in a factorial
import math
 
# Returns the number of digits present 
# in n! Since the result can be large
# long long is used as return type
def findDigits(n):
     
    # factorial of -ve number 
    # doesn't exists
    if (n < 0):
        return 0;
 
    # base case
    if (n <= 1):
        return 1;
 
    # Use Kamenetsky formula to
    # calculate the number of digits
    x = ((n * math.log10(n / math.e) +
              math.log10(2 * math.pi * n) /2.0));
 
    return math.floor(x) + 1;
 
# Driver Code
print(findDigits(1));
print(findDigits(50000000));
print(findDigits(1000000000));
print(findDigits(120));
     
# This code is contributed by mits

C#

// An optimised C# program to find the
// number of digits in a factorial.
using System;
 
class GFG {
    public static double M_E = 2.71828182845904523536;
    public static double M_PI = 3.141592654;
 
    // Function returns the number of
    // digits present in n! since the
    // result can be large, long long 
    // is used as return type
    static long findDigits(int n)
    {
        // factorial of -ve number 
        // doesn't exists
        if (n < 0)
            return 0;
 
        // base case
        if (n <= 1)
            return 1;
 
        // Use Kamenetsky formula to calculate
        // the number of digits
        double x = (n * Math.Log10(n / M_E) + 
                    Math.Log10(2 * M_PI * n) / 
                    2.0);
 
        return (long)Math.Floor(x) + 1;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(findDigits(1));
        Console.WriteLine(findDigits(50000000));
        Console.WriteLine(findDigits(1000000000));
        Console.Write(findDigits(120));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Nitin Mittal

PHP

<?php
// A optimised PHP program to find the 
// number of digits in a factorial
 
// Returns the number of digits present 
// in n! Since the result can be large
// long long is used as return type
function findDigits($n)
{
     
    // factorial of -ve number 
    // doesn't exists
    if ($n < 0)
        return 0;
 
    // base case
    if ($n <= 1)
        return 1;
 
    // Use Kamenetsky formula to
    // calculate the number of digits
    $x = (($n * log10($n / M_E) + 
                log10(2 * M_PI * $n) /
                2.0));
 
    return floor($x) + 1;
}
 
    // Driver Code
    echo findDigits(1)."\n" ;
    echo findDigits(50000000)."\n" ;
    echo findDigits(1000000000)."\n" ;
    echo findDigits(120) ;
     
// This code is contributed by nitin mittal
?>

Javascript

<script>
 
// A optimised Javascript program to find the 
// number of digits in a factorial  
 
// Returns the number of digits present 
// in n! Since the result can be large 
// long long is used as return type 
function findDigits(n) 
{ 
    // factorial of -ve number 
    // doesn't exists 
    if (n < 0) 
        return 0; 
 
    // base case 
    if (n <= 1) 
        return 1; 
 
    // Use Kamenetsky formula to calculate 
    // the number of digits 
    let x = ((n * Math.log10(n / Math.E) + 
                Math.log10(2 * Math.PI * n) / 
                2.0)); 
 
    return Math.floor(x) + 1; 
} 
 
// Driver Code 
  
    document.write(findDigits(1) + "<br>"); 
    document.write(findDigits(50000000) + "<br>"); 
    document.write(findDigits(1000000000) + "<br>"); 
    document.write(findDigits(120) + "<br>"); 
 
// This code is contributed by Mayank Tyagi
 
</script>

Output:

References : oeis.org
This article is contributed by Ashutosh Kumar .If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
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Count digits in a factorial | Set 2

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