Classes and Objects in Java

Classes and Objects are basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming that revolve around real-life entities.

Class

1. Class is a set of object which shares common characteristics/ behavior and common properties/ attributes.
2. Class is not a real-world entity. It is just a template or blueprint or prototype from which objects are created.
3. Class does not occupy memory.
4. Class is a group of variables of different data types and a group of methods.

A class in java can contain:

• data member
• method
• constructor
• nested class and 
• interface

Syntax to declare a class:

access_modifier class<class_name>
{  
    data member;  
    method;  
    constructor;
    nested class;
    interface;
}

Example:

• Animal
• Student
• Bird
• Vehicle
• Company  

Java

class Student {
    int id; // data member (also instance variable)
    String name; // data member (also instance variable)

    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        Student s1 = new Student(); // creating an object of
                                    // Student
        System.out.println(s1.id);
        System.out.println(s1.name);
    }
}

Java

// Java program to Illustrate Creation of Object
// Using new Instance

// Main class
class GFG {

    // Declaring and initializing string
    String name = "GeeksForGeeks";

    // Main driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Try block to check for exceptions
        try {
            Class cls = Class.forName("GFG");
            // Creating object of main class
            // using instance method
            GFG obj = (GFG)cls.newInstance();
            // Print and display
            System.out.println(obj.name);
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        catch (InstantiationException e) {

            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {

            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Java

// Java program to Illustrate Creation of Object
// Using clone() method
// Main class
// Implementing Cloneable interface
class GFG implements Cloneable {

    // Method 1
    @Override
    protected Object clone()
        throws CloneNotSupportedException
    {
        // Super() keyword refers to parent class
        return super.clone();
    }
    String name = "GeeksForGeeks";
    // Method 2
    // main driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        GFG obj1 = new GFG();
        // Try block to check for exceptions
        try {
            GFG obj2 = (GFG)obj1.clone();
            System.out.println(obj2.name);
        }
        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. In general, class declarations can include these components, in order: 

1. Modifiers: A class can be public or has default access (Refer this for details).
2. Class keyword: class keyword is used to create a class.
3. Class name: The name should begin with an initial letter (capitalized by convention).
4. Superclass(if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
5. Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
6. Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.

Constructors are used for initializing new objects. Fields are variables that provide the state of the class and its objects, and methods are used to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.
There are various types of classes that are used in real-time applications such as nested classes, anonymous classes, lambda expressions.

Object

It is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents real-life entities. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. An object consists of : 

1. State: It is represented by attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
2. Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object with other objects.
3. Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other objects.

Example of an object: dog

Objects correspond to things found in the real world. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as “circle”, “square”, and “menu”. An online shopping system might have objects such as “shopping cart”, “customer”, and “product”.  

Declaring Objects (Also called instantiating a class)

When an object of a class is created, the class is said to be instantiated. All the instances share the attributes and the behavior of the class. But the values of those attributes, i.e. the state are unique for each object. A single class may have any number of instances.

Example:

As we declare variables like (type name;). This notifies the compiler that we will use the name to refer to data whose type is type. With a primitive variable, this declaration also reserves the proper amount of memory for the variable. So for reference variable, the type must be strictly a concrete class name. In general, we can’t create objects of an abstract class or an interface.  

Dog tuffy;

If we declare a reference variable(tuffy) like this, its value will be undetermined(null) until an object is actually created and assigned to it. Simply declaring a reference variable does not create an object.

Initializing an object

The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for a new object and returning a reference to that memory. The new operator also invokes the class constructor. 

Java

// Class Declaration

public class Dog {
    // Instance Variables
    String name;
    String breed;
    int age;
    String color;

    // Constructor Declaration of Class
    public Dog(String name, String breed, int age,
               String color)
    {
        this.name = name;
        this.breed = breed;
        this.age = age;
        this.color = color;
    }

    // method 1
    public String getName() { return name; }

    // method 2
    public String getBreed() { return breed; }

    // method 3
    public int getAge() { return age; }

    // method 4
    public String getColor() { return color; }

    @Override public String toString()
    {
        return ("Hi my name is " + this.getName()
                + ".\nMy breed,age and color are "
                + this.getBreed() + "," + this.getAge()
                + "," + this.getColor());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Dog tuffy
            = new Dog("tuffy", "papillon", 5, "white");
        System.out.println(tuffy.toString());
    }
}

Output

Hi my name is tuffy.
My breed,age and color are papillon,5,white

Initialize by using method/function:

Java

public class GFG {
    // sw=software
    static String sw_name;
    static float sw_price;

    static void set(String n, float p)
    {
        sw_name = n;
        sw_price = p;
    }

    static void get()
    {
        System.out.println("Software name is: " + sw_name);
        System.out.println("Software price is: "
                           + sw_price);
    }

    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        GFG.set("Visual studio", 0.0f);
        GFG.get();
    }
}

Output

Software name is: Visual studio
Software price is: 0.0

This class contains a single constructor. We can recognize a constructor because it

s declaration uses the same name as the class and it has no return type. The Java compiler differentiates the constructors based on the number and the type of the arguments. The constructor in the Dog class takes four arguments. The following statement provides “tuffy”,”papillon”,5,”white” as values for those arguments:

Dog tuffy = new Dog("tuffy","papillon",5, "white");

The result of executing this statement can be illustrated as :

Note: All classes have at least one constructor. If a class does not explicitly declare any, the Java compiler automatically provides a no-argument constructor, also called the default constructor. This default constructor calls the class parent’s no-argument constructor (as it contains only one statement i.e super();), or the Object class constructor if the class has no other parent (as the Object class is the parent of all classes either directly or indirectly). 

Ways to create an object of a class

There are four ways to create objects in the java. Strictly speaking there is only one way(by using new keyword), and the rest internally use new keyword. 

Using new keyword: It is the most common and general way to create an object in java. Example:

// creating object of class Test
Test t = new Test();

Using Class.forName(String className) method: There is a pre-defined class in java.lang package with name Class. The forName(String className) method returns the Class object associated with the class with the given string name. We have to give a fully qualified name for a class. On calling new Instance() method on this Class object returns new instance of the class with the given string name.

// creating object of public class Test
// consider class Test present in com.p1 package
Test obj = (Test)Class.forName("com.p1.Test").newInstance();

Using clone() method: clone() method is present in Object class. It creates and returns a copy of the object.

        
// creating object of class Test
Test t1 = new Test();

// creating clone of above object
Test t2 = (Test)t1.clone();

Deserialization: De-serialization is a technique of reading an object from the saved state in a file. Refer Serialization/De-Serialization in java

            
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(filename);
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(file);
Object obj = in.readObject();

Creating multiple objects by one type only (A good practice) 

In real-time, we need different objects of a class in different methods. Creating a number of references for storing them is not a good practice and therefore we declare a static reference variable and use it whenever required. In this case, the wastage of memory is less. The objects that are not referenced anymore will be destroyed by Garbage Collector of java. 

Example:

          
Test test = new Test();
test = new Test();

In the inheritance system, we use parent class reference variable to store a sub-class object. In this case, we can switch into different subclass objects using the same referenced variable. 

Example:

class Animal {}

class Dog extends Animal {}
class Cat extends Animal {}

public class Test
{
    // using Dog object
    Animal obj = new Dog();

    // using Cat object
    obj = new Cat();
}       

Anonymous objects

Anonymous objects are objects that are instantiated but are not stored in a reference variable.  

• They are used for immediate method calls.
• They will be destroyed after method calling.
• They are widely used in different libraries. For example, in AWT libraries, they are used to perform some action on capturing an event(eg a key press).
• In the example below, when a key button(referred to by the btn) is pressed, we are simply creating an anonymous object of EventHandler class for just calling the handle method.

btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler()
{
    public void handle(ActionEvent event)
    {
        System.out.println("Hello World!");
    }
});

Difference between Class and Object are as follows: 

Class	Object
Class is the blueprint of an object. It is used to create objects.	An object is an instance of the class.
No memory is allocated when a class is declared.	Memory is allocated as soon as an object is created.
A class is a group of similar objects.	An object is a real-world entity such as a book, car, etc.
Class is a logical entity.	An object is a physical entity.
A class can only be declared once.	Objects can be created many times as per requirement.
An example of class can be a car.	Objects of the class car can be BMW, Mercedes, Ferrari, etc.

This article is contributed by Gaurav Miglani. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. 

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