C# | Multilevel Inheritance

In the Multilevel inheritance, a derived class will inherit a base class and as well as the derived class also act as the base class to other class. For example, three classes called A, B, and C, as shown in the below image, where class C is derived from class B and class B, is derived from class A. In this situation, each derived class inherit all the characteristics of its base classes. So class C inherits all the features of class A and B.

Example: Here, the derived class Rectangle is used as a base class to create the derived class called ColorRectangle. Due to inheritance the ColorRectangle inherit all the characteristics of Rectangle and Shape and add an extra field called rcolor, which contains the color of the rectangle.

This example also covers the concept of constructors in a derived class. As we know that a subclass inherits all the members (fields, methods) from its superclass but constructors are not members, so they are not inherited by subclasses, but the constructor of the superclass can be invoked from the subclass. As shown in the below example, base refers to a constructor in the closest base class. The base in ColorRectangle calls the constructor in Rectangle and the base in Rectangle class the constructor in Shape.

// C# program to illustrate the
// concept of multilevel inheritance
using System;

class Shape {

    double a_width;
    double a_length;

    // Default constructor
    public Shape()
    {
        Width = Length = 0.0;
    }

    // Constructor for Shape
    public Shape(double w, double l)
    {
        Width = w;
        Length = l;
    }

    // Construct an object with
    // equal length and width
    public Shape(double y)
    {
        Width = Length = y;
    }

    // Properties for Length and Width
    public double Width
    {
        get {
               return a_width;
            }

        set {
              a_width = value < 0 ? -value : value;
            }
    }

    public double Length
    {
        get {
               return a_length;
            }

        set {
              a_length = value < 0 ? -value : value;
            }
    }
    public void DisplayDim()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Width and Length are "
                     + Width + " and " + Length);
    }
}

// A derived class of Shape
// for the rectangle.
class Rectangle : Shape {

    string Style;

    // A default constructor.
    // This invokes the default
    // constructor of Shape.
    public Rectangle()
    {
        Style = "null";
    }

    // Constructor
    public Rectangle(string s, double w, double l)
        : base(w, l)
    {
        Style = s;
    }

    // Construct an square.
    public Rectangle(double y)
        : base(y)
    {
        Style = "square";
    }

    // Return area of rectangle.
    public double Area()
    {
        return Width * Length;
    }

    // Display a rectangle's style.
    public void DisplayStyle()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Rectangle is  " + Style);
    }
}

// Inheriting Rectangle class
class ColorRectangle : Rectangle {

    string rcolor;

    // Constructor
    public ColorRectangle(string c, string s,
                          double w, double l)
        : base(s, w, l)
    {
        rcolor = c;
    }

    // Display the color.
    public void DisplayColor()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Color is " + rcolor);
    }
}

// Driver Class
class GFG {

    // Main Method
    static void Main()
    {
        ColorRectangle r1 = new ColorRectangle("pink",
                   "Fibonacci rectangle", 2.0, 3.236);

        ColorRectangle r2 = new ColorRectangle("black",
                                   "Square", 4.0, 4.0);

        Console.WriteLine("Details of r1: ");
        r1.DisplayStyle();
        r1.DisplayDim();
        r1.DisplayColor();

        Console.WriteLine("Area is " + r1.Area());
        Console.WriteLine();

        Console.WriteLine("Details of r2: ");
        r2.DisplayStyle();
        r2.DisplayDim();
        r2.DisplayColor();

        Console.WriteLine("Area is " + r2.Area());
    }
}

Output:

Details of r1: 
Rectangle is  Fibonacci rectangle
Width and Length are 2 and 3.236
Color is pink
Area is 6.472

Details of r2: 
Rectangle is  Square
Width and Length are 4 and 4
Color is black
Area is 16